Signaling co-routed and non co-routed LSPs of a bidirectional packet TE tunnel

ABSTRACT

Particular embodiments may enable setup and signaling of co-routed and non co-routed label switched paths (LSPs) of a bidirectional packet traffic engineering (TE) tunnel in an unambiguous manner with respect to provisioning of the LSPs/tunnel. A head-end node may set up the bidirectional packet TE tunnel by computing a forward (and possibly a reverse) direction LSP, and then signal the bidirectional TE tunnel utilizing, e.g., extensions to an associated Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) signaling method. The extensions to the associated RSVP signaling method include a plurality of additional Association Types of an Extended Association object carried in a RSVP Path message transmitted by the head-end node to the tail-end node over the forward direction LSP, wherein the additional Association Types explicitly identify the provisioning of the forward and reverse direction LSPs as co-routed or non co-routed.

RELATED CASES

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/299,912, filed Jun. 9, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,083,553, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/541,572, filed onJul. 3, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,750,310, the contents of each of theabove patent applications are hereby expressly incorporated by referencein their entirey for all purposes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to computer networks, and, moreparticularly, to provisioning of bidirectional packet TrafficEngineering (TE) tunnels in a computer network.

BACKGROUND

Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) signaling extensions,described in Request for Comments (RFC) 3473, entitled GeneralizedMulti-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource ReserVationProtocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions published January2003, may be used to set up and signal co-routed bidirectional packettraffic engineering (TE) tunnels. An example of a bidirectional packetTE tunnel is two Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) TE label switchedpaths (LSPs), where one of the MPLS TE LSPs is a forward direction LSP(e.g., extending from a head-end node of the TE tunnel to a tail-endnode of the tunnel) and the other of the MPLS TE LSPs is a reversedirection LSP (e.g., extending from the tail-end node to the head-endnode). Alternatively, an associated Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP)signaling method, described in Zhang et al., RSVP-TE Extensions forAssociated Bidirectional LSPs<draft-ietf-ccamp-mpls-tp-rsvpte-ext-associated-lsp-03> Internet Draft,March 2012, can be used to set up and signal co-routed or non co-routedbidirectional packet TE tunnels. As used herein, a co-routedbidirectional packet TE tunnel denotes a bidirectional tunnel where theforward direction LSP and reverse direction LSP utilize the same path,e.g., the same node(s) and link(s). In contrast, a non co-routedbidirectional packet TE tunnel denotes a bidirectional tunnel thatutilizes two different paths, i.e., the forward direction LSP path isdifferent than the reverse direction LSP path.

It may be beneficial for the head-end node to indicate, e.g., to one ormore nodes of the bidirectional packet TE tunnel, the provisioning ofthe LSPs to ensure appropriate signaling, handling and control of, e.g.,the reverse direction LSP. As used herein, provisioning denotes, e.g.,the configuration of the LSPs as co-routed or non co-routed; that is,whether the LSPs of the bidirectional TE tunnel are co-routed or nonco-routed. Although a system administrator may construct a set of rulesfor the node(s) to determine whether the LSPs are co-routed (or not)using RSVP signaling messages and objects, such construction may lead toambiguity and interoperability issues as different administrators mayconstruct different rules to infer whether the LSPs are co-routed (ornot).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The embodiments herein may be better understood by referring to thefollowing description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings inwhich like reference numerals indicate identically or functionallysimilar elements, of which:

FIG. 1 illustrates an example computer network;

FIG. 2 illustrates an example node/router;

FIG. 3 illustrates portions of an example signaling message;

FIG. 4 illustrates portions of an example Extended Association object;and

FIG. 5 illustrates an example simplified procedure for setting up andsignaling co-routed and non co-routed LSPs of a bidirectional packet TEtunnel.

DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS Overview

Particular embodiments may enable setup and signaling of co-routed andnon co-routed label switched paths (LSPs) of a bidirectional packettraffic engineering (TE) tunnel in an unambiguous manner with respect toprovisioning of the LSPs/tunnel. A head-end node may set up thebidirectional TE tunnel by computing path(s) for a forward (and possiblya reverse) direction LSP, and then signal the bidirectional TE tunnelutilizing, e.g., extensions to an associated Resource ReservationProtocol (RSVP) signaling method. In an embodiment, the extensions tothe associated RSVP signaling method include a plurality of additionalAssociation Types of an Extended Association object carried in a RSVPPath message transmitted by the head-end node to the tail-end node overthe forward direction LSP, where the additional Association Typesexplicitly identify the provisioning of the forward and reversedirection LSPs of the bidirectional TE tunnel as co-routed or nonco-routed.

Upon receiving the RSVP Path message, the tail-end node may examineobjects of the message, including the Extended Association object, andmay use the additional Association Type of co-routed or non co-routedLSP to set up and signal an appropriate reverse direction LSP to bringup the bidirectional TE tunnel. For example, if an explicit route object(ERO), i.e., a reverse direction ERO, is present in the RSVP Pathmessage, the tail-end node may signal the reverse direction LSP usingthe ERO irrespective of the Association Type. However, if the ERO is notpresent in the RSVP Path message and the Association Type is nonco-routed, the tail-end node may compute and signal the reversedirection LSP. In addition, if the ERO is not present in the RSVP Pathmessage and the Association Type is co-routed, the tail-end node mayexamine the Path message to determine whether a record route object(RRO), i.e., a path RRO, is present in the message. If the RRO ispresent, the tail-end node may use the RRO to signal the co-routedreverse direction LSP. On the other hand, if the RRO is not present inthe RSVP path message, the tail-end node may attempt to compute (andthereafter signal) the reverse direction LSP. If it is unable to computethe path for (or thereafter signal) the reverse direction LSP, then thetail-end node may send a RSVP signaling error to the head-end node.

Description

A computer network is a geographically distributed collection of nodesinterconnected by communication links and segments for transporting databetween end nodes, such as personal computers and workstations. Manytypes of networks are available, with the types ranging from local areanetworks (LANs) to wide area networks (WANs). LANs typically connect thenodes over dedicated private communications links located in the samegeneral physical location, such as a building or campus. WANs, on theother hand, typically connect geographically dispersed nodes overlong-distance communications links, such as common carrier telephonelines, optical lightpaths, wireless links, synchronous optical networks(SONET), or synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) links. The Internet isan example of a WAN that connects disparate networks throughout theworld, providing global communication between nodes on various networks.The nodes typically communicate over the network by exchanging discreteframes or packets of data according to predefined protocols, such as theTransmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). In thiscontext, a protocol consists of a set of rules defining how the nodesinteract with each other. Computer networks may be furtherinterconnected by an intermediate network node, such as a router, toextend the effective “size” of each network.

Since management of interconnected computer networks can proveburdensome, smaller groups of computer networks may be maintained asrouting domains or autonomous systems. The networks within an autonomoussystem (AS) are typically coupled together by intradomain routersconfigured to execute intradomain routing protocols, and are generallysubject to a common authority. It may be desirable, however, to increasethe number of nodes capable of exchanging data; in this case,interdomain routers executing interdomain routing protocols are used tointerconnect nodes of the various ASes. Moreover, it may be desirable tointerconnect various ASes that operate under different administrativedomains. As used herein, an AS, area, or level is generally referred toas a “domain,” and a router that interconnects different domains isgenerally referred to as a “border router.”

FIG. 1 illustrates an example computer network 100 illustrativelycomprising nodes (e.g., routers) A-E interconnected by links as shown.As described herein, one or more tunnels may traverse the links betweenhead-end node (e.g., node A) and tail-end node (e.g., node D), such asthrough one or more intermediate nodes (e.g., nodes B, C and E), as willbe understood by those skilled in the art. Those skilled in the art willalso understand that any number of nodes, routers, links (e.g., with anybandwidth values) may be used in the computer network, and that the viewshown herein is for simplicity. Further, those skilled in the art willalso understand that while the disclosure herein is described generally,it may apply to, e.g., customer networks and provider core networks withprovider and provider edge routers, any network configuration within asingle AS or domain, or throughout multiple ASes or domains.

Data packets may be exchanged among the nodes of the computer network100 using predefined network communication protocols such as, e.g., theTransmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), User DatagramProtocol (UDP), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) protocol, Frame Relayprotocol, and/or Internet Packet Exchange (IPX) protocol.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example node/router 200 that may be used with oneor more embodiments described herein, e.g., as a head-end node, tail-endnode or intermediate node (label switched routers, “LSRs”). The node maycomprise one or more network interfaces 210, one or more processors 220,and a memory 240 interconnected by a system bus 250. The networkinterface(s) 210 contains the mechanical, electrical and signalingcircuitry for communicating data over physical and/or wireless linkscoupled to the network 100. The network interface(s) may be configuredto transmit and/or receive data using a variety of differentcommunication protocols, including, inter alia, TCP/IP, UDP, ATM,synchronous optical networks (SONET), wireless protocols, Frame Relay,Ethernet, and/or Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI). Notably, aphysical network interface 210 may also be used to implement one or morevirtual network interfaces, such as for Virtual Private Network (VPN)access, known to those skilled in the art.

The memory 240 comprises a plurality of storage locations that areaddressable by the processor(s) 220 and the network interface(s) 210 forstoring software programs and data structures associated with theembodiments described herein. The processor(s) 220 may comprisenecessary elements or logic adapted to execute the software programs andmanipulate the data structures, such as routes or labels of arouting/forwarding table 245 and Traffic Engineering Database (TED) 247.An operating system 242, portions of which are typically resident inmemory 240 and executed by the processor(s), functionally organizes thenode by, inter alia, invoking operations in support of softwareprocesses and/or services executing on the node. These softwareprocesses and/or services may comprise routing services 244, ResourceReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) services 246, and Traffic Engineering(TE)/Tunnel services 248. It will be apparent to those skilled in theart that other processor and memory types, including variouscomputer-readable media, may be used to store and execute programinstructions pertaining to the embodiments described herein. Also, whilethe description herein illustrates various processes/services, it isexpressly contemplated that the various processes/services may beembodied as modules configured to operate in accordance with the variousembodiments described herein (e.g., according to the functionality of asimilar process/service).

Routing services 244 contain computer executable instructions executedby processor(s) 220 to perform functions provided by one or more routingprotocols, such as the Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), e.g., OpenShortest Path First (OSPF) andIntermediate-System-to-Intermediate-System (IS-IS), and/or the BorderGateway Protocol (BGP), as will be understood by those skilled in theart. These functions may be configured to manage routing and forwardingtable 245 containing, e.g., data used to make routing and forwardingdecisions. Notably, routing services 244 may also perform functionsrelated to virtual routing protocols, such as maintaining VRF instances(not shown) as will be understood by those skilled in the art.

Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) Traffic Engineering (TE) has beendeveloped to meet data networking requirements such as guaranteedavailable bandwidth or fast restoration. MPLS TE exploits modern labelswitching techniques to build end-to-end tunnels based on a series ofconstraints through an IP/MPLS network of label switched routers (LSRs).These tunnels are a type of label switched path (LSP) and thus aregenerally referred to as MPLS TE-LSPs. An example of MPLS-TE can befound in RFC 3209, entitled RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP Tunnelsdated December 2001.

Generally, a tunnel is a logical structure that encapsulates a packet (aheader and data) of one protocol inside a data field of another protocolpacket with a new header. In this manner, the encapsulated data may betransmitted through networks that it would otherwise not be capable oftraversing. More importantly, a tunnel creates a transparent virtualnetwork link between two network nodes that is generally unaffected byphysical network links or devices (i.e., the physical network links ordevices merely forward the encapsulated packet based on the new header).While one example of a tunnel is an MPLS TE-LSP, other known tunnelingmethods include, inter alia, the Layer Two Tunnel Protocol (L2TP), thePoint-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP), and IP tunnels.

Some applications may incorporate unidirectional data flows configuredto transfer time-sensitive traffic from a source (sender) in a computernetwork to a destination (receiver) in the network in accordance with acertain “quality of service” (QoS). Here, network resources may bereserved for the unidirectional flow to ensure that the QoS associatedwith the data flow is maintained. The Resource ReSerVation Protocol(RSVP) is a network-control protocol that enables applications toreserve resources in order to obtain special QoS for their data flows.RSVP works in conjunction with routing protocols to, e.g., reserveresources for a data flow in a computer network in order to establish alevel of QoS required by the data flow. RSVP is defined in R. Braden, etal., Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP), RFC 2205, dated September1997. In the case of traffic engineering applications, RSVP signaling isused to establish a TE-LSP (tunnel) and to convey various TE-LSPattributes to routers, such as border routers, along the TE-LSP obeyingthe set of required constraints whose path may have been computed byvarious means.

In particular, RSVP services 246 contain computer executableinstructions for implementing RSVP and processing RSVP messages inaccordance with the embodiments described herein. Further, TE/Tunnelservices 248 contain computer executable instructions for implementingTE functions in accordance with the embodiments described herein.Examples of Traffic Engineering are described in RFC 3209, as notedabove, as well as in RFC 3473, entitled Generalized Multi-Protocol LabelSwitching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource ReSerVation Protocol-TrafficEngineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions dated January 2003 and RFC 3471,entitled Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) SignalingFunctional Description. TED 247 may be used to store TE informationprovided by the routing protocols, such as IGP, BGP, and/or RSVP (e.g.,with TE extensions as described herein). The TED may be illustrativelymaintained and managed by TE/Tunnel services 248.

Establishment of a tunnel (e.g., a MPLS TE-LSP) illustratively involvescomputation of a path between a head-end node (LSR) to a tail-end node,signaling along the path, and modification of forwarding tables and/ordatabases at the nodes, including intermediate nodes (LSRs), along thepath. Optimally, the computed path is the “shortest” path, as measuredin some metric (cost, length, etc.), that satisfies all relevant LSP TEconstraints or attributes, such as e.g., required bandwidth, affinities(administrative constraints to avoid or include certain links),priority, and/or class type. Path computation can either be performed bythe head-end node or by the tail-end node, as described further herein.Various path computation methodologies are available includingConstrained Shortest Path First (CSPF), as will be understood by thoseskilled in the art.

Tunnels may be configured within a single domain (e.g., area, level, orAS) or may also span multiple domains (e.g., areas, levels, or ASes) andmay have guaranteed bandwidth under certain conditions. Illustratively,the tunnels may be signaled through the use of the RSVP protocol (withTraffic Engineering extensions), and in particular, RSVP TE signalingmessages. It should be understood that the use of RSVP serves only as anexample, and that other communication protocols may be used inaccordance with the embodiments described herein.

In accordance with RSVP, to request a data flow (tunnel) between asender (head-end node) and a receiver (tail-end node), the sender maysend an RSVP path request (Path) message downstream to the receiveralong a path (e.g., a unicast route) to identify the sender and indicatee.g., bandwidth needed to accommodate the data flow, along with otherattributes of the tunnel. The Path message may contain variousinformation about the data flow including, e.g., traffic characteristicsof the data flow. Also in accordance with the RSVP, a receiver mayestablish the tunnel between the sender and receiver by responding tothe sender's Path message with a reservation request (Resv) message. TheResv message travels upstream hop-by-hop (i.e., along intermediatenodes) along the flow from the receiver to the sender. The Resv messagemay contain information that is used by intermediate nodes along theflow to reserve resources for the data flow between the sender and thereceiver, confirm the attributes of the tunnel, and provide a tunnellabel. If an intermediate node in the path between the sender andreceiver acquires a Path message or Resv message for a new orestablished reservation (tunnel) and encounters an error (e.g.,insufficient resources, failed network element, etc.), the intermediatenode generates and forwards a path or reservation error (PathErr orResvErr, hereinafter Error) message to the sender or receiver,respectively.

FIG. 3 illustrates portions of an example signaling message 300 (e.g.,RSVP message, such as Path, Resv or Error) that may be used with one ormore embodiments described herein. Message 300 contains, inter alia, acommon header 310 with one or more signaling protocol (RSVP) specificobjects 320, including one or more TE LSP Attribute objects 330, as wellas an Extended Association object 400, as described herein. The commonheader 310 may comprise a source address 312 and destination address314, denoting the origination and requested termination of the message300. Protocol specific objects 320 contain objects necessary for eachtype of message 300 (e.g., Path, Resv, Error, etc.). For instance, aPath message may have a sender template object, Tspec object,Previous-hop object, etc. A Resv message, on the other hand, may havespecific objects 320 for a label object, session object, filter specobject, etc. Also, Error messages 300 (e.g., PathErr or ResvErr), mayalso have specific objects 320 such as, e.g., for defining the type oferror.

The TE LSP Attribute objects 330 may include an explict route object(ERO) 332, a record route object (RRO) 334 and an Upstream Label object336. When incorporated into a RSVP Path message, the ERO 332encapsulates a concatenation of nodes, i.e., “hops”, which constitutesan explicitly routed path. Using the ERO, the paths taken bylabel-switched RSVP-MPLS packet traffic can be predetermined,independent of conventional IP routing. By adding the RRO 334 to thePath message, a sender node can receive information about an actualroute that the LSP tunnel traverses. That is, each of the nodes alongthe route/path may record route information, e.g., an IP address of thenext hop, in the RRO object. The route information may be collected inRRO sub-objects for both directions (e.g., a path RRO for the Pathmessage and a reserve RRO for the Resv message) and collectively thosesub-objects constitute the path RRO and the reserve RRO. The sender nodecan also use the RRO 334 to request notification from the networkconcerning changes to the routing path. The Upstream Label object 336may be added to the Path message to support bidirectional LSPs, asdescribed herein. Various methods understood by those skilled in the artmay be utilized to produce EROs 332, RROs 334 and Upstream Label objects336 contained in signaling messages for a tunnel.

While unidirectional tunnels may be sufficient for some applications,other applications may utilize bidirectional tunnels configured totransfer certain QoS traffic from a sender to a receiver over thecomputer network. An example of a bidirectional packet TE tunnel is twoMPLS TE LSPs, wherein one of the MPLS TE LSPs is a forward direction LSP(e.g., extending from a head-end node of the TE tunnel to a tail-endnode of the tunnel) and the other of the MPLS TE LSPs is a reversedirection LSP (e.g., extending from the tail-end node to the head-endnode). In an embodiment, the TE head-end node may signal and control thebidirectional tunnel (both LSPs) typically by first performing a CSPFcalculation for both forward and reverse direction LSPs. Illustratively,the constraint of the CSPF calculation may be directed to bandwidth,i.e., ensuring that, for example, a minimum bandwidth requirement of oneor more links is met. During an admission process, e.g, a Call AdmissionControl (CAC) process, a check may be performed on the bandwidthconstraint to ensure that once the path is signaled, the requiredbandwidth is available. Once the CSPF calculation has determined theavailability of one or more paths having the potential to satisfy thebidirectional bandwidth requirement, the head-end node may then signalthe bidirectional tunnel utilizing, for example, the RSVP protocol withthe Path (and Resv) messages.

As used herein, RSVP signaling for the forward direction LSP typicallyinvolves sending a RSVP Path message from the head-end node to thetail-end node over the calculated forward LSP path, and then thetail-end node returning a RSVP Resv message over the path to thehead-end node. Similarly, signaling for the reverse direction LSPtypically involves sending a Path message from the tail-end node to thehead-end node over the calculated reverse LSP path and then the head-endnode returning the Resv message over the path, where it is eventuallyreceived at the tail-end node. Note that if the TE head-end node doesnot provide an ERO with respect to the reverse direction LSP, thetail-end node may perform the CSPF calculation for the reverse directionLSP.

In an embodiment, the head-end node may include an ERO 332 within thePath message 300, wherein the ERO 332 specifies the path, i.e, anexplicit (preferred) route, for packets to traverse over the reversedirection LSP. Typically, the way that the TE head-end node conveys thecalculated reverse direction LSP to, e.g., the tail-end node is via theERO 332. Once the TE tunnel is set up, the head-end node may program itslocal forwarding, e.g., update its routing/forwarding table 245 and/orTED 247, to carry packet traffic in the forward direction. That is, oncethe TE tunnel has been calculated (via, e.g., CSPF) and signaled (via,e.g., the RSVP Path and Resv message exchange), then programming of thelocal forwarding is performed to carry traffic over the forwarddirection LSP.

Upon receiving the Path message, the TE tail-end node may create atunnel in the reverse direction (i.e., a reverse direction LSP) andsignal the reverse direction LSP. If an ERO 332 is provided in the Pathmessage 300, the TE tail-end node creates the reverse direction LSPusing the contents of the ERO 332; otherwise the TE tail-end node maycreate the LSP by performing a CSPF calculation to determine the reversedirection LSP. Thereafter, the tail-end node signals the calculatedreverse direction LSP using, e.g., RSVP protocol messaging. In anembodiment, the tail-end node signals the reverse direction LSP bysending a RSVP Path message 300 over the calculated path to the head-endnode in accordance with the Path/Resv message exchange. The TE tail-endnode may then program/update its local routing/forwarding table 245and/or TED 247 to carry packet traffic in the reverse direction. As aresult, the LSPs (a forward direction LSP and a reverse direction LSP)of the bidirectional tunnel are created, signaled and programmed.

Illustratively, with reference again to FIG. 1, head-end node A mayestablish a LSP (tunnel) T1 (denoted by a solid line) along a path asshown to tail-end node D, and tail-end node D may establish a LSP(tunnel) T2 (denoted by a dotted line) along a path as shown to head-endnode A, wherein T1 and T2 collectively form a bidirectional TE tunnel.In particular, LSP/tunnel T1 may traverse a path of links in network 100between nodes A, B C, and D, whereas LSP/tunnel T2 may traverse a pathof links in network 100 between nodes D, C, E, B, and A.

Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) signaling extensions,described in RFC 3473, entitled Generalized Multi-Protocol LabelSwitching (GMPLS) Signaling Resourse ReserVation Protocol-TrafficEngineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions published January 2003, may be used toset up co-routed bidirectional packet TE tunnels. As used herein, aco-routed bidirectional packet TE tunnel denotes a bidirectional tunnelwherein the forward direction LSP and reverse direction LSP share thesame path, e.g., the same node(s) and link(s). RFC 3473 (and RFC 3471)enables establishment of both the downstream (forward direction) andupstream (reverse direction) data paths (LSPs) of a bidirectional tunnelusing a single set of signaling messages, e.g., one RSVP Path message issent for both forward and reverse direction LSPs and one RSVP Resvmessage is sent for both forward and reverse direction LSPs. In one ormore embodiments, setup of the bidirectional tunnel may be indicated bythe presence of an Upstream Label object 336 in the appropriatesignaling message, e.g., the RSVP Path message, as will be understood bythose skilled in the art.

Alternatively, an associated Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP)signaling method, described in Zhang et al., RSVP-TE Extensions forAssociated Bidirectional LSPs<draft-ietf-ccamp-mpls-tp-rsvpte-ext-associated-lsp-03> Internet Draft,March 2012, can be used to set up co-routed or non co-routedbidirectional packet TE tunnels. As noted, a co-routed bidirectional TEtunnel utilizes the same path for both its forward direction LSP andreverse direction LSP. In contrast, a non co-routed bidirectional packetTE tunnel denotes a bidirectional tunnel that utilizes two differentpaths, i.e., the forward direction LSP path is different than thereverse direction LSP path. Illustratively, the associated RSVPsignaling method enables establishment of a bidirectional tunnel usingthe RSVP signaling (i.e., the Path/Resv message exchange) for each ofthe forward direction LSP and reverse direction LSP, as describedpreviously herein. In particular, the associated RSVP signaling methodmay be used to set up co-routed (or non co-routed) bidirectional packetTE tunnels by, e.g., binding or associating two independentunidirectional LSPs using Association Types of the Extended Associationobject 400.

FIG. 4 illustrates portions of an example Extended Association object400 that may be used with one or more embodiments described herein.Object 400 includes, inter alia, an Association Type field 410, anAssociation Identifer (ID) field 420, an Association Source field 430, aGlobal Association Source field 440 and, optionally, an ExtendedAssociation ID field 450. The Association Type field 410 contains avalue indicating the type of association being identified, as describedfurther herein. The Association ID field 420 contains a value assignedby a node that originated the association that, when combined with theother fields carried in object 400, uniquely identifies an association.The Association Source field 430 contains an IPv4 or IPv6 address,respectively, that is associated to the node that originated theassociation. The Global Association Source field 440 contains a valuethat is a unique global identifier and the Extended Association ID field450 contains data that is additional information to support uniqueidentification.

In order to bind two reverse unidirectional LSPs to be an associatedbidirectional LSP/tunnel,<draft-ietf-ccamp-mpls-tp-rsvpte-ext-associated-lsp-03> sets forth thefollowing Association Types for the field 410 of the ExtendedAssociation object 400:

(1) Double Sided Associated Bidirectional LSPs (D); and

(2) Single Sided Associated Bidirectional LSPs (A).

Broadly stated, single-sided provisioning denotes configuration of thebidirectional tunnel, including properties and path options specifyingthe type of computed path, at one end of the tunnel, e.g., the head-endnode. That is, the head-end node may provision the tunnel prior tocomputing both the forward and the reverse direction LSPs, andillustratively may convey the reverse direction LSP by, e.g., use of anERO 332 in a Path message 300. The other end of the tunnel, e.g., thetail-end node, may receive the Path message and, in response, maydynamically create and signal the tunnel.

Double-sided provisioning denotes the existence of configuration at bothends of the tunnel; however the amount of configuration may vary. Here,the head-end node may utilize its configuration to provision the tunneland perform path calculations for both forward and reverse directionLSPs, and provide the ERO for the reverse direction LSP. If the head-endnode indicates the path for the reverse direction LSP via the ERO, thetail-end node may use that calculated path. Yet, if the head-end nodedoes not indicate the path for the reverse LSP via an ERO, the tail-endnode may utilize the calculated path using, e.g, one or more otherobjects of the message or may utilize its configuration to provision thetunnel and perform a CSPF computation to create a path for the reversedirection LSP.

Illustratively, with reference once again to FIG. 1, head-end node A mayprovision, compute and signal both LSP/tunnel T1 (denoted by a solidline) and LSP/tunnel T2 (denoted by a dotted line) as a forwarddirection LSP and a reverse direction LSP, respectively, of abidirectional tunnel in accordance with, e.g., single-sided associatedbidirectional provisioning as provided by<draft-ietf-ccamp-mpls-tp-rsvpte-ext-associated-lsp-03>. Alternatively,head-end node A may provision, compute and signal LSP/tunnel T1 as aforward direction LSP and tail-end node D may provision, compute andsignal LSP/tunnel T2 as a reverse direction LSP of the bidirectionaltunnel in accordance with, e.g., double-sided associated bidirectionalprovisioning as provided by the associated RSVP signaling method.

However, <draft-ietf-ccamp-mpls-tp-rsvpte-ext-associated-lsp-03> doesnot provide explicit indication of co-routed or non co-routedprovisioning of the LSPs (e.g., via its provided Association Types),which may lead to interoperability issues among different administratorsand their intentions with respect to setting up co-routed or nonco-routed LSPs. For example, assume the RSVP Path message 300transmitted by the head-end node to the tail-end node includes anExtended Association object 400 and a RRO 334, but does not include anERO 332. The absence of the ERO 332 from the Path message 300 mayindicate to the tail-end node that it should simply compute the reversedirection LSP as a non co-routed LSP. Yet it may have been anadministrator's intention to set up co-routed LSPs using the RROinformation in the Path message 300. Alternatively, the intention of theRRO 334 may have been for an administrative purpose to simply record thepath and not to provision co-routed LSPs. Such a situation may lead toambiguity and an inability to definitively determine whether the LSPsshould be co-routed or non co-routed.

As a result, it may be beneficial to indicate to one or more nodes of abidirectional TE tunnel whether the LSPs are provisioned as co-routed ornon co-routed to ensure appropriate signaling, handling and control of,e.g., the reverse direction LSP. Although a system administrator mayconstruct a set of rules for the node(s) to determine whether the LSPsare co-routed using RSVP signaling messages and objects, suchconstruction may also lead to interoperability issues as differentadministrators may construct different rules to infer whether the LSPsare co-routed. As another example, assume that the RSVP signalingmessages and objects include a RSVP Path message 300 having an ExtendedAssociation object 400, an ERO 332 and a RRO 334, wherein the ERO 332specifies a path (calculated by the head-end node) for the tail-end nodeto use for the reverse direction LSP (i.e., the reverse LSP ERO) and theRRO 334 records the path of the forward direction LSP (i.e., the forwardLSP path RRO). Note that the path specified in the ERO may be determinedby the head-end node using, e.g., the CSPF calculation. The set of rulesmay specify that the tail-end node compare the contents of the forwardLSP path RRO and the reverse LSP ERO contained in the forward directionRSVP Path message. However, this approach may be ambiguous because,although the comparison may reveal that the routes (as, e.g., calculatedby CSPF) are the same, the administrator may not have intended the pathsto be co-routed.

In addition, the set of rules may specify that Association IDs 420(e.g., tunnel numbers) carried in Extended Association objects 400 ofPath messages 300 traversing the forward and reverse direction LSPs bechecked at a midpoint node of the bidirectional tunnel to infer whetherthe LSPs are co-routed or non co-routed. However, this approach may alsobe ambiguous because, even if the checking reveals a match of IDs and,thus, an inference of co-routing, the LSPs could be non co-routed LSPsthat happen to traverse the same path in the forward and reversedirections.

Extensions to Associated RSVP Signaling Method

Particular embodiments may enable setup and signaling of co-routed andnon co-routed LSPs of a bidirectional packet TE tunnel in an unambiguousmanner with respect to provisioning of the LSPs/tunnel. Thebidirectional TE tunnel illustratively includes a forward direction LSPand a reverse direction LSP. A head-end node may set up thebidirectional TE tunnel by computing the path for forward (and possiblythe reverse) direction LSP, and then signal the bidirectional TE tunnelutilizing, e.g., extensions to the associated RSVP signaling methoddescribed herein. In an embodiment, the extensions to the associatedRSVP signaling method include a plurality of additional AssociationTypes 410 of the Extended Association object 400 carried in the RSVPPath message 300 transmitted by the head-end node to the tail-end nodeover the forward direction LSP, wherein the additional Association Types410 explicitly identify the provisioning of the forward and reversedirection LSPs as co-routed or non co-routed. These additionalAssociation Types 410 include:

Co-routed Double Sided Associated Bidirectional LSPs (D)

Co-routed Single Sided Associated Bidirectional LSPs (A)

Non Co-routed Double Sided Associated Bidirectional LSPs (D)

Non Co-routed Single Sided Associated Bidirectional LSPs (A)

Upon receiving the RSVP Path message 300, the tail-end node may examineobjects of the message, including the Extended Association object 400,and may use the additional Association Type 410 of co-routed or nonco-routed LSP to set up and signal an appropriate reverse direction LSPin order to bring up the bidirectional TE tunnel. For example, if an ERO332, e.g., a reverse direction ERO, is present in the RSVP Path message300, the tail-end node may signal the reverse direction LSP using theERO irrespective of the Association Type 410. However, if the reversedirection ERO is not present in the RSVP Path message 300 and theAssociation Type 410 is non co-routed (e.g., Non Co-routed Double SidedAssociated Bidirectional LSPs), the tail-end node may compute a path forthe reverse direction LSP (e.g., compute an ERO for the reversedirection LSP) and signal the reverse direction LSP. In addition, if thereverse direction ERO is not present in the RSVP Path message 300 andthe Association Type 410 is co-routed (e.g., Co-routed Double SidedAssociated Bidirectional LSPs), the tail-end node may examine the Pathmessage to determine whether a RRO 334, e.g., a path RRO, is present inthe message. If the path RRO is present, the tail-end node may use thepath RRO to signal the co-routed reverse direction LSP (e.g., asrecorded in the RRO). On the other hand, if the path RRO is not presentin the RSVP Path message, the tail-end node may attempt to compute (andthereafter signal) the reverse direction LSP. If it is unable to compute(or thereafter signal) the reverse direction LSP, then the tail-end nodemay send a RSVP signaling error to the head-end node.

According to one or more embodiments described herein, the tail-end nodemay further examine the objects of the received RSVP Path message 300,including the Extended Association object 400, and may use theadditional Association Types 410 of co-routed or non co-routed LSP toprovision, re-set up, signal and/or control the reverse direction LSP inresponse to an occurrence of an interruption/failure due to, e.g.,signaling error, re-optimization (i.e., a need to find a better path)and/or path verification (i.e., verifying the path). For example, if thereverse direction ERO is present in the RSVP Path message 300 originatedby the head-end node, the tail-end node may use the reverse directionERO to relay the error information to the originating head-end node,instructing the head-end node to handle the error. As used herein, theoriginating head-end node is the node that is configured to perform thepath computation for both directions, whereas a real head-end node isthe originating head-end node for the forward direction LSP or thetail-end node for the reverse direction LSP.

Alternatively, if the path RRO is present in the Path message 300 andthe Association Type 410 is co-routed (e.g., Co-routed Single SidedAssociated Bidirectional LSPs), the tail-end node may initially attemptto re-set up the reverse direction LSP using, e.g., the path RRO.However, if it cannot re-set up the reverse direction LSP, the tail-endnode may notify the originating head-end node of the failure, e.g., asignaling error or path verification error. Illustratively, the tail-endnode notifies the originating head-end node of the failure by, e.g.,transmitting an Error message (e.g., a Path Error message) thatinstructs the head-end node to handle the error. Moreover, if theAssociation Type is non co-routed (e.g., Non Co-routed Double SidedAssociated Bidirectional LSPs), the tail-end node may compute analternate path for the reverse direction LSP and re-signal the path. Ifit is unable to compute the reverse direction LSP, the tail-end node maynotify the originating head-end node of the failure using, e.g., anError message.

According to one or more embodiments described herein, a midpoint node(i.e., a node at a midpoint of the bidirectional tunnel) may examine theobjects of the RSVP signaling messages, including the ExtendedAssociation object 400, and may use the additional Association Types 410of co-routed or non co-routed LSP in order to determine whether an RSVPsignaling error message should be sent in one direction (towards thereal head-end node) or both directions (towards the originating head-endnode and the real head-end node). As noted above, the head-end node maysignal the forward direction LSP in response to the bandwidthrequirement being satisfied at a midpoint node of the LSP. The bandwidthrequirement is subsequently checked by the midpoint node, e.g., inaccordance with the CAC process, to ensure that the forward directionLSP can still carry the amount of requested traffic. When signaling theforward direction LSP, the midpoint node may examine the AssociationType field 410 of the Extended Association object 400 to determinewhether the LSP association is co-routed or non co-routed. If theassociation is co-routed (e.g., Co-routed Single Sided AssociatedBidirectional LSPs), the midpoint node may also perform the CAC processto check the bandwidth of the reverse direction LSP. This way, themidpoint node can detect a potential failure during, e.g., setup of thereverse direction LSP and notify the originating head-end node so thatit may promptly attempt to compute an alternate path.

Illustratively, the signaling error message may be sent by the midpointnode to the originating head-end and tail-end nodes for the co-routedLSPs via, e.g., a RSVP Error message to the real head-end node and aRSVP Notify message to the originating head-end node, wherein thesignaling error message may be sent to the real head-end node only incase of non co-routed LSPs. Notably, the midpoint node uses theAssociation Type 410 (rather than, e.g., the Association ID 420) of theExtended Association object 400 to determine whether the LSPs areco-routed or non co-routed. This is because checking of the AssociationID 420 in signaling messages traversing the forward and reversedirection LSPs is not sufficient to infer at the midpoint node whetherthe LSPs are co-routed or non co-routed, as the non co-routed LSPs maytraverse the same path in the forward and reverse directions.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example simplified procedure for setting up andsignaling co-routed and non co-routed LSPs of a bidirectional packet TEtunnel in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. Ahead-end node may set up the bidirectional TE tunnel by computing aforward (and possibly a reverse) direction LSP. The head-end node maythen signal the bidirectional TE tunnel by transmitting a RSVP Pathmessage over the forward direction LSP to a tail-end node. The Pathmessage may include objects, such as an Extended Association objectspecifying one of a plurality of additional Association Types thatexplicitly identifies the provisioning of the forward and reversedirection LSPs as co-routed or non co-routed.

The procedure 500 starts at block 505 and proceeds to block 510 wherethe tail-end node receives the RSVP Path message and, at block 515,examines the objects of the message, including the Extended Associationobject, used to set up and signal an appropriate reverse direction LSP,and bring up the bidirectional TE tunnel. At block 520, the tail-endnode examines the objects to determine whether an ERO, e.g., a reversedirection ERO, is present in the RSVP Path message. In response to theERO being present in the Path message, at block 525 the tail-end nodesignals the reverse direction LSP specified by the ERO and the procedureends at block 565. However, in response to the ERO not being present inthe RSVP Path message, at block 530 the tail-end node examines theExtended Association object of the message to determine whether theAssociation Type of the LSPs is non co-routed. In response to theAssociation type being non co-routed (i.e., yes), at block 535 thetail-end node attempts to compute and signal the reverse direction LSP.In response to the attempt being successful at block 540, the procedureends at block 565. In response to the attempt being unsuccessful atblock 540, i.e., the tail-end node is unable to compute or signal thereverse direction LSP, then at block 545 the tail-end node sends a RSVPsignaling error message to the head-end node and the procedure ends atblock 565. However, in response to the Association Type being co-routed(i.e., no) at block 530, the tail-end node examines the RSVP Pathmessage to determine whether a RRO, e.g., a path RRO, is present in thePath message at block 550. In response to the path RRO being present, atblock 560 the tail-end node uses the path RRO to signal the reversedirection LSP recorded in the RRO and the procedure ends at block 565.In response to the RRO not being present in the RSVP Path message atblock 550, the tail-end node attempts to compute and signal the reversedirection LSP at block 535. In response to the attempt being successfulat block 540, the procedure ends at block 565. In response to theattempt not being successful at block 540, the tail-end node sends aRSVP signaling error message to the head-end node at block 545 and theprocedure ends at block 565.

Advantageously, the various embodiments described herein may be used toset up non co-routed bidirectional LSPs by, e.g., enabling a node tosimply examine the Association Type 410 (e.g., Non Co-routed DoubleSided Associated Bidirectional LSPs or Non Co-routed Single SidedAssociated Bidirectional LSPs) of the Extended Association object 400carried in a RSVP Path message 300, thereby obviating computation andsignaling of the reverse direction LSP path ERO information or forwarddirection LSP path RRO information by the head-end node. The embodimentsdescribed herein may also be used to set up co-routed bidirectional LSPsby the tail-end node simply examining the Association Type 410 (e.g.,Co-routed Double Sided Associated Bidirectional LSPs or Co-routed SingleSided Associated Bidirectional LSPs) of the Extended Association object400 indicated by the head-end node. In response to determining the typeof co-routed provisioning of the LSPs, the tail-end node may compute andsignal the reverse direction LSP using, e.g., the forward direction pathRRO information. It should be noted that examination of the contents ofthe RRO in the path message cannot, in itself, enable the tail-end nodeto infer the co-routed Association Type of the LSPs.

The various embodiments described herein are further useful for settingup inter-domain bidirectional TE tunnels having co-routed or nonco-routed LSPs where the head-end node does not have a complete TEtopology database (e.g., of the other domains) nor the ability tocompute end-to-end paths in the reverse direction. For such inter-domainbidirection tunnel setup, a midpoint border node can use the additionalAssociation Type 410 of the LSPs, in conjunction with an ERO, to performloose hop ERO expansion in the reverse direction, accordingly. Thetail-end node of the bidirectional tunnel may also provide appropriatelocal handling for the co-routed and non co-routed LSPs without havingto relay relevant information to the head-end node to signal, re-signaland re-optimize the reverse direction LSP, thereby improving TEconvergence and minimizing traffic loss. In addition, the embodimentsdescribed herein are inter-operable in a multiple vendor environment asit removes the ambiguity of the association type of co-routed or nonco-routed LSPs.

While there has been shown and described example embodiments to enablesetup and signaling of co-routed and non co-routed LSPs of abidirectional TE tunnel in an unambiguous manner with respect toprovisioning of the LSPs/tunnel, it should be understood that variousother adaptations and modifications may be made within the spirit andscope of the embodiments herein. For example, although one or more ofthe embodiments described herein may be directed to single domainbidirectional LSPs/tunnels, the teachings herein are equally applicableto inter-domain bidirectional LSPs/tunnels. Here, the head-end node maycreate a TE LSP path that traverses multiple domains. However, thehead-end node may not have knowledge of interior routing information ofa particular domain; nevertheless, that routing information may beneeded to specify the route within a path ERO. The head-end node maythus rely on loose abstract nodes within the ERO, and a midpoint bordernode may perform the CSPF calculation to compute the LSP for itsparticular domain. Accordingly, the head-end node may transmit a RSVPPath message over the forward direction LSP and the midpoint borderrouter may perform the ERO expansion of the loose abstract nodes tocompute the path for its domain. The border node may also examine theAssociation Type 410 of the Extended Association object 400 within theRSVP Path message 300 to determine whether the LSPs are co-routed or nonco-routed. By checking the Association Type field 410, the border nodemay determine the co-routed or non co-routed provisioning of the LSPs ina simple, straightforward, and non-ambiguous manner, and thus mayprovision the bi-directional TE tunnel accordingly.

The foregoing description has been directed to specific embodiments. Itwill be apparent, however, that other variations and modifications maybe made to the described embodiments, with the attainment of some or allof their advantages. For instance, it is expressly contemplated that thecomponents and/or elements described herein can be implemented assoftware encoded on one or more tangible (non-transitory)computer-readable storage media (e.g., disks/CDs/etc.) having programinstructions executing on a computer, hardware, firmware, or acombination thereof. Accordingly this description is to be taken only byway of example and not to otherwise limit the scope of the embodimentsherein. Therefore, it is the object of the appended claims to cover allsuch variations and modifications as come within the true spirit andscope of the embodiments herein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: receiving, at a tail-endnode of a bidirectional tunnel, a first path message transmitted by ahead-end node over a forward direction path of the bidirectional tunnel,the first path message including one or more objects used to set up andsignal a reverse direction path of the bidirectional tunnel; signalingan explicit route object (ERO) specified in the first path message inthe event the first path message specifies an ERO; and computing andsignaling a reverse path message in the event the ERO is not present, anAssociation Type specified as non co-routed in an Extended Associationobject within the first path message and a record route object (RRO) isnot present in the first path message.
 2. The method as in claim 1,wherein the Association Type is Non Co-Routed Double Sided AssociatedBidirectional LSPs.
 3. The method as in claim 1, wherein the first pathmessage is a first Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) path message andwherein the bidirectional tunnel is a bidirectional Traffic Engineering(TE) tunnel.
 4. The method as in claim 1, wherein the forward directionpath is a forward direction label switched path (LSP) and wherein thereverse direction path is a reverse direction LSP.
 5. The method as inclaim 1, wherein the ERO is a reverse direction ERO.
 6. The method as inclaim 1, wherein signaling the reverse direction path further comprises:sending a second path message from the tail-end node to the head-endnode over the reverse direction path; and receiving a returnedreservation message from the head-end node at the tail-end node.
 7. Themethod as in claim 1, further comprising: in the event the RRO ispresent in the first path message, signaling the reverse direction pathrecorded in the RRO.
 8. The method as in claim 7, wherein the RRO is apath RRO.
 9. The method as in claim 1, further comprising: in responseto unsuccessfully computing and signaling the reverse direction path,sending an error message from the tail-end node to the head-end node.10. The method as in claim 1, further comprising: in response to the ERObeing present in the first path message, relaying error information tothe head-end node in response to an occurrence of a failure.
 11. Asystem comprising: a network interface connected to a network, thenetwork interface adapted to receive a first path message transmitted bya head-end node over a forward direction path of a bidirectional tunnelof the network, the first path message including one or more objectsused to set up and signal a reverse direction path of the bidirectionaltunnel; a processor coupled to the network interface and adapted toexecute one or more processes; and a memory configured to store the oneor more processes executable by the processor, the one or more processeswhen executed operable to: signal an explicit route object (ERO)specified in the first path message in the event the first path messagespecifies an ERO; and compute and signal a reverse path message in theevent the ERO is not present, an Association Type is specified as nonco-routed in an Extended Association object within the first pathmessage and a record route object (RRO) is not present in the first pathmessage.
 12. The system as in claim 11, wherein the Association Type isNon Co-Routed Double Sided Associated Bidirectional LSPs.
 13. The systemas in claim 11, wherein the first path message is a first ResourceReservation Protocol (RSVP) path message and wherein the bidirectionaltunnel is a bidirectional Traffic Engineering (TE) tunnel.
 14. Thesystem as in claim 11, wherein the forward direction path is a forwarddirection label switched path (LSP) and wherein the reverse directionpath is a reverse direction LSP.
 15. The system as in claim 11, whereinthe one or more processes when executed to signal the reverse directionpath is further operable to: send a second path message from thetail-end node to the head-end node over the reverse direction path; andreceive a returned reservation message from the head-end node at thetail-end node.
 16. The system as in claim 11, wherein the one or moreprocesses when executed is further operable to: in response to the RRObeing present in the first path message, signal the reverse directionpath recorded in the RRO.
 17. The system as in claim 11, wherein the oneor more processes when executed is further operable to: in response toan unsuccessfully computing and signaling the reverse direction path,send an error message to the head-end node.
 18. One or more computerreadable storage media encoded with software comprising computerexecutable instructions and when the software is executed operable to:receive, at a tail-end node of a bidirectional tunnel, a first pathmessage transmitted by a head-end node over a forward direction path ofthe bidirectional tunnel, the first path message including one or moreobjects used to set up and signal a reverse direction path of thebidirectional tunnel; signal an explicit route object (ERO) specified inthe first path message in the event the first path message specifies anERO; and computing and signaling a reverse path message in the event theERO is not present, an Association Type specified as non co-routed in anExtended Association object within the first path message and a recordroute object (RRO) is not present in the first path message.
 19. The oneor more computer readable storage media of claim 18, wherein signalingthe reverse direction path further comprises: sending a second pathmessage from the tail-end node to the head-end node over the reversedirection path; and receiving a returned reservation message from thehead-end node at the tail-end node.
 20. The one or more computerreadable storage media of claim 18, further comprising: in response tounsuccessfully computing and signaling the reverse direction path,sending an error message from the tail-end node to the head-end node.